Ø   It is the set of rules that every device has to follow in order to have proper communication. Ø A  protocol  is a set of mutually accepted and implemented rules at both ends of the communications channel for the proper exchange of  information .  Ø   Protocols specify the standards for communication to define a method of exchanging data over a computer network, such as  local area network ,  Internet ,  Intranet , etc.  Ø   Each protocol has its own method of how data is formatted when sent and what to do with it once received, how that data is compressed, or how to check for errors in the data. Ø   Network Protocols: o    TCP/IP            (Department of Defence)     o    IPx/SPx           (Novell) o    AppleTalk       (Apple)     ...

Ø    It works based on  Client-Server model . Ø    It uses UDP port no.   67 and 68   for working. ·         Port no. 67 - Server provides services. ·         Port no. 68 - Client listens. Ø    It uses  DORA   process for it’s working (Complete IP allocation process) ·       Discover ·       Offer ·       Request ·       Acknowledgement Ø    Suppose there are  four computers having IP addresses  provided by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server with the help of this address, they are communicating with each other. Ø    Let us consider,  one more new device (client) is added  in the network. It needs an IP address to communicate with other devices in the network. Ø    We have ...

             It is Internet Control Message Protocol.   Since IP address does not have in-built mechanism , for           sending error and control messages. It depends on ICMP to provide an error control.  ICMP is used for error reporting errors and management queries .     It is a supporting protocol and used by network devices like routers for sending the error messages and operations information. For example, the requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached.   ICMP can send the messages only to the source , not to intermediate router . Because the data-gram carries only the addresses of original sender and final destination.  Read more

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